2.
  -2024
..  

(   )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
2.    ?         
-
3.          
4.         
-
5.        
6.         
2.
-
7.           
8.          
  -2024
..  

(   )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
:    
󷊆󷊇 

   
 -    '       ,  
  '           -     
'  
     ( )       
      
         
2.
      '   ,    (  
 )          
;   ,
             ,      
       ,  , ,  ,    
 -             '   
 

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ?
  ,          ,   , 
              ,  
     
 
""    ""       ""  "" 
  ""
    ',     " "
           !   ,    
    ,          
🏗   (  )
     ,        :
1.   (   ):
            
   
 ()    
o   ',           
 
o   ,        
 
o    ( )     
2.   ():
              20  40
 
o  - ,      
o      ,       

3.   (  ):
   ( / )          
2.
o   '     -        
o           
  
󹺖󹺗󹺕 ,       :
    
 ()
     
󽁗  
      
  -   
 :
1.  :
o ,    ,        
o    ,    
o            
2.  :
o      
o         () 
  
o        ,    
  
 ,    
       ,   
  
󷘜󷘝󷘞󷘟󷘠󷘡󷘢󷘣󷘤󷘥󷘦   (      )
    --        

 1:   
   (     )   
  -   
   ( ) '  ,     
 '  
    
2.
 2:  
          
    ,       
 3:   
          
            
      (     
 
   )
 4:   
           
              
 
 5:   
  ',    
        
   '   :
o       (     
 )
o    (   )
 6:   
     
   :
o    ,
o   ()     , 
o  
  
         
󷇮󷇭     
     
 -          :
2.
1.   :
o    
    ,  
 ,    
 ,      
o "   
 "     -      
     
2.  :
o  
    ?  ,      
o        
     
   
3.  ' :
o      ?     
o  
     ?   
o    '      
4.   :
o    (  )     
 
o  ,   (  )     
  ,    
5.   :
o , ,  -       
o    '        


󽆪󽆫󽆬    (   )
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
        ()  
  ,         
   ,   
   -  - 
       
  
  ,      
  ,    ,   ,    ,    
        ,    - 
         

 ,          -   ,  ,  
 -        ,       
   ,           
2.    ?         
:󽁗  :    
   
      ,    ,   
            ,     
,    :            
        
,       
              
    , ,         
   ,    
,    
,  
  
       
 
     
     ,       
-     -  ,       
  ""  ""  
󼩏󼩐󼩑   ?
               ,  
   
  ',          '  

2.
    ,          -  
   
    -      ,     
  :󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
  



:            
 
 ,       ,   ,          
, 
          -     
  ,          
󷊆󷊇   -     
      ,         
  
  ',           
 (  , )  ,      ( 
)  
         ,   ' -70  (mV)  -

      ,      

:                , 
  
   ,    
󽁗      
           (, , ,   
 ),          
      
     :
1.  -   
   (Na⁺)   
       ,      
 
  -70 mV   +40 mV    



:        ()    
 ,
    
2.  -  
2.
     ,   (K⁺)    
     ,     

:       ()   ,     
  ,       (),  -    
3.  - 
       ,       
    
           ,     
    
4.     '  
-  (    )      : 
,  
     
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛    -   
     ,     ' 
     
   -   
   ,  --   ,    

  ,   (   )   
  ,     '      
  ,      
 



:               
         
󷄧󹹯󹹰     
       -   ()    ( )

   
 

 '    
  (–70 mV)
      , 
 (+40 mV)


    ,
  (-
   
  )
    
 
(),   
   ()
2.
 

   
    


   
  ( )

     
    

      
 
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  
  -       ,      
    
:
:        
: , ,             
  :       
  
  :           
   
  ,    -   ,   ,   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:   
               ,
 ,         , ,    
  ,    
      ,    
,      -        
 
 ,    
       ,   : 
,       ,            
    ,       
   

-
3.          
:   :   
              ,  
    ,        ,      
2.
   -          ,     
  
,        
    
  ,         
 
1.    
            ,     ,
      
   ,   40-45   
1-1.5      -   
  !
           ,       
      ,          ,
    :
1.  - ,    ,     
2.  -          
3.  -            
   ,        , 
 (CSF)  CSF  - ,       ,    
    
2.     
          :
a)   ( )
      ,       -  "H" 
    ,      
     :
o  () :       (   ,  
)
o  () :        
o   (      ):     
     
)   (  )
    
2.
    ,           
       
  ()   :
o  () :    
 
o   :      
o  () :  '      
  
c)  
          , CSF   
             -  
   
3.     
   31     ,          
   ,    
      
      :
 (8 )- ,     
 (12 )-       
 (5 )-        
 (5 )-  ,       
 (1 )-          
4.       
        :
1.  -         
      
  ,           
2.  -              
:      
    '    
    ,  
     ,    
         ,     
         ,     
   
2.
5.     
        ,    
 :
1.   
o      ,     :
     (, , , )
       
o          
 
2. 
o      '       
    
       , 
     
3.  
o     
        
o :
-  :       
 :       
 :       
6.      
      
;  ,  L1-L2   
     ,              
   
    ()    ()   
                
 
     
 
7.     
          :
2.
  ,  ,            

8.     
       :
:  ,       () 
   
     
 
: -   ,   '    , 
        
:    ,       
 ,        
 
               
    
 
2.

 ,                 , 
       -         
       -          
        
 ,        
   
4.         
:󼩏󼩐󼩑   
 :    
   
           , 
            ,   ,   ,
      ,      
 
         -     ,   
     
 -          ,
  
   
,   ,      
,            :    
  ""    
     ,     ""   
      
󷩡󷩟󷩠 -  
  
    ,     
   
 ,              ,   
" "    "  "   
󹵝󹵟󹵞  
    ',     
            

󷘧󷘨 -    
     ,       :
1.    
2.
o   ,         
o :             
2.   
o      , -,  

o :   
       
3.  
o      ,   
 
o :         
4.  
o    (  )        

o :   , 
     
    
     
5. -  
o    , ,         
󼩺󼩻   -  
        '      ,   
               
      ,    ,   

󽁔󽁕󽁖 
      (      )
   (  )
     -  


: 1800      ,        
              
   ,       -   - 
      
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃  - ' 
,      ,          :
          -       
     
󹵝󹵟󹵞  
2.
    
     ,    
      (V1)  ,      

󷘧󷘨 -  ' 
        ( )      
   
1.  
o     
   
o  ,      
2.   
o  ,           
o :     
3.  
o  ,          
o :         
4.  
o  ,          
󼩺󼩻   -  
   
        '  
 , 
            -    
                
 
󽁔󽁕󽁖 
           
         
  (     
)     

:           - 
      -         
󷄧󹹯󹹰    -   

 ()
 ()

  ,   
   
 
 , , , 
    
 
 ,   
   
2.

   -    
   
    -   
    
 

  ,  
,  
,  , 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
  
  :  
         , 
   ,      ,      
 
 :  
     ,    ,
      ,      
     
  ,    
       
 -   
      -   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:   
     ,        , 
,          , 
      
  , 
 ,        
    ,     ,    

 ,               - 
    
      ,      
  ,      
 
-
5.        
:            ,   
        ,   '      ,  
  ,          -      
2.
  
  ,        
           ,  
               
1.    -
              ,
, , ,         
   
,                ,  

        ,    ,    
         ,      
 ,  ,  , ,            
                
    :
1. -      , ,     

2.   -      ,   
 ,   ,      
2. :   
                :
a.  (  )
      '       
    
            
 -       
    -       
 -        
  -      
b.  ()
        '      
     ,       '  
   
c.  ()
2.
         ,   , ,  , 
           ,    
    
d.  (  )
,       ,      ,  
                
              

e.  ( )
         ,      ,  , 
           
   
    
  
3. :      
         ,    -  
       
 
a.  -  
    ,        - 
 ,       
     
      
   ( )   
 
    ,     ()    
 ,        
 ,          

b.  () 
  , ,      ,       
 
                 
             
c.  
2.
,         ,      
         ,     

 
4.  :    
      ,      
 
  (     )   
        
   '  ,    -      
             ,
                
      '   
         
     
     ,        
 ,  

 ,           
5.    
             :
1. -            ,
     
2.   - ,    
    

 
3.   -         
  
 
4. -            ,
      
5.  -   ,    
   
6.    
    ,           
 :
 -   ,       
    -      
  -          

2.
        ,      
 
7.    
     
        :
8.  
   -      ,     
()     '          -    
          -      ()

     ()        
  ,   
   ,      
            
 ,      ,    ,    
  
2.
6.         
:󷶬󷶭󷶮󷶲󷶳    :        
                  
  ,               
  ,   ,        
  ?        -   ()   
() -              (
       )  
,  ,      
           ,   
 
         
󷊨󷊩  -   
󹵝󹵟󹵞  
             '  ,  
 
 :       ,    
   
  :   ""         
 
               

 
 :      ,      
 ,      
  (  I):     
 
󷘧󷘨     -    
1.    
o  
  ,           
o         
2.  
o        '    
o        
3.  
o     
    
o ,          
  
4.   
2.
o           - , ,  
o 
     (    
 )     ,        




:     () ' 
       
              
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
   :  ,  ,      
  :         
 
 :      ,    ,  
   
   : ,  ,      
 
󽁔󽁕󽁖   
:      
:    
:     
  ,   ,      
󷌧󷌨  -   
󹵝󹵟󹵞  
       ,    '
  : ,     '       
 50-100    
:  ' -          
   
:
o (  )
o ()
o ()
o (,  
)
  :      (VII),    (IX),
   (X)     
 :        ,  
  '   
󷘧󷘨     -    
2.
1. 
o  
 ,        
o            
2.  
o        
       
3.  
o    
   ,   ,   
    
4. 
o       
󷇍󷇎󷇏󷇐󷇑󷇒  
1. -      ()
2. -  ( )
3. -    (   )
4. -    ( )
5. -   (       )   



:    
           ,
  ,   ,     ,     -  
      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
:               
:     (   )      
 :     ,    
 
 : -  -     
󽁔󽁕󽁖   
:      
:    
:     
  ,  ,       
󹺰󹺱    
 
    -  ,        
:  
""          
 
2.
:          ,     
  
     
  :        ,  
        '  




:           ()   
 ()    
      
󼩺󼩻  -    

  ()

 (  , )

      

  VII, IX, X → 
  

 (     )


   (, , , ,
)
 
       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:     
     ,            
           ,      
  , , , ,      
  ,                 

      
      
 , 
     ,       
 ,    
            , 
 :       
        
        ,         
  
2.
-
7.           
:   
          
   
            
        ,  
      
    ,     ,       
 
    
 ,  
      
:              
      ,   ,        
            :   , 
        
1.     
                ,
,                  
,  
  :
   ()     
 
             
      1  ,        

 
  ',        (PDF)     :
        ;       
     ,  ,        
2.
2.     
     ,        :
1.     :          
() '  '          
2. :  
      ,     

   
             
3. , ,  :    ,      - ,
,   -        '   
4.  :      
 ;       
      
5.    :         
""  ""            
    ,             
3.     
      
;      
 
 
      '   :
  : , ,  ,   
 :            '   
   
   :  ,   ,     
    
          :
1.      
2.        (z-   )
3.    ,       
4.   (68-95-99.7 )
             :
 68%    1     
 
 95%    2     
 
 99.7%    3     
 
2.
         :
  = 160 ..
  = 10 ..
68%   150   170    
95%140   180   
99.7%130   190   
 
      (     )    
5.   
  
-           ,  -
          , 
    a
  
 X      z-            

6.     
        :
  :
  (μ) 
 ,       
2.
         
  (σ) x-      ,  
    
 
7. -  
1.   :     -    ,  
       
2.  :     IQ (~100)  ,     
  IQ    
3.   :        ,     -
 ,    
8.    
           :   
 ,          -   ,  ,
 =  = ,      -    
  
 
  ,
     , -    
,                 
        
        
   
  :           "  , 
 "
8.          
:󹵈󹵉󹵊   :       
   
              
        ,    ,   
      
    '   ,  
 ,
,        -       

2.
     
 -     ,      
  , , ,         
      
? 
      -   ,
   ,  ,   ,         -
     
             
 ,      ,   
      
 -   ,   ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    ?
         ,      
     :
 (μ)-  
  (σ)-     
   :
          -        '

      ,  
  
󷨰󷨱󷨲󷨳󷨴󷨵   
1.      
  (μ)       
      
       ,      '  



:          
   ,
          
2.  =  = 
  ,          
   
    , ,      
2.

:       
     ,   

3.  
        
     
 
           



:    
    
   ,   
           
4.   = 1 ( 100%)
      
 
      1 ,        

:  
    ,          1  
,      
5.   (68–95–99.7 )
     :
 68%    1      
 95% 2     
 99.7% 3     



:    1000        
165    10     :
 680  155  175    
 950  145  185    
  (997 ) 135  195     
          
 
6. 
   '    
 
      -     

:        ,    
7.   (μ  σ)  
2.
          '   
         
      ( )   ()   



:        ,       
 ( σ),         ,    '    ( σ),
      
8.  
      ,  

          ,     
 
9.  
 μ ± σ   '   (   )  
      

:    
 
      ,    
 ,     ,           
10.   
 μ = 0  σ = 1  ,        
  -      z-       

:       80    70    ,  z-
                
  
󷇮󷇭    
     
 -      :
1. :           
2. : IQ    '  100  σ = 15    
3.  : , ,         
4.  :         
5.  :            
󼩺󼩻  -      ( )

  
   
2.

   ,
 
   ,    


 =  = 
   

σ  
 σ =  

 = 1
    
 

     

689599.7
      


    

μ ± σ
   

μ  σ
     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:    
       
 -      
,                 
,     -       
   
-     
     ,    ,   ,   , 
           -  , , 68–95–99.7
,      -         
  
 
 ,    
     "   '   ," 
            '      
               
 
"               

       ,           "